{"id":27987,"date":"2017-05-12T06:53:00","date_gmt":"2017-05-12T04:53:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sonnenseite.com\/science\/mit-researchers-develop-new-way-to-clear-pollutants-from-water.html"},"modified":"2017-05-12T06:53:00","modified_gmt":"2017-05-12T04:53:00","slug":"mit-researchers-develop-new-way-to-clear-pollutants-from-water","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sonnenseite.com\/en\/science\/mit-researchers-develop-new-way-to-clear-pollutants-from-water\/","title":{"rendered":"MIT researchers develop new way to clear pollutants from water"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Electrochemical method can remove even tiny amounts of contamination.<\/p>\n<p> <!--more--> <\/p>\n<p>When it comes to removing very dilute concentrations of pollutants  from water, existing separation methods tend to be energy- and  chemical-intensive. Now, a new method developed at MIT could provide a  selective alternative for removing even extremely low levels of unwanted  compounds.<\/p>\n<p>The new approach is described in the journal <em>Energy and Environmental Science<\/em>,  in a paper by MIT postdoc Xiao Su, Ralph Landau Professor of Chemical  Engineering T. Alan Hatton, and five others at MIT and at the Technical  University of Darmstadt in Germany.<\/p>\n<p>The system uses a novel method, relying on an electrochemical process  to selectively remove organic contaminants such as pesticides, chemical  waste products, and pharmaceuticals, even when these are present in  small yet dangerous concentrations. The approach also addresses key  limitations of conventional electrochemical separation methods, such as  acidity fluctuations and losses in performance that can happen as a  result of competing surface reactions.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hceOKw-cjWo\" height=\"360\" width=\"100%\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Current systems for dealing with such dilute contaminants include  membrane filtration, which is expensive and has limited effectiveness at  low concentrations, and electrodialysis and capacitive deionization,  which often require high voltages that tend to produce side reactions,  Su says. These processes also are hampered by excess background salts.<\/p>\n<p>In the new system, the water flows between chemically treated, or  &ldquo;functionalized,&rdquo; surfaces that serve as positive and negative  electrodes. These electrode surfaces are coated with what are known as  Faradaic materials, which can undergo reactions to become positively or  negatively charged. These active groups can be tuned to bind strongly  with a specific type of pollutant molecule, as the team demonstrated  using ibuprofen and various pesticides. The researchers found that this  process can effectively remove such molecules even at parts-per-million  concentrations.<\/p>\n<p>Previous studies have usually focused on conductive electrodes, or  functionalized plates on just one electrode, but these often reach high  voltages that produce contaminating compounds. By using appropriately  functionalized electrodes on both the positive and negative sides, in an  asymmetric configuration, the researchers almost completely eliminated  these side reactions. Also, these asymmetric systems allow for  simultaneous selective removal of both positive and negative toxic ions  at the same time, as the team demonstrated with the herbicides paraquat  and quinchlorac.<\/p>\n<p>The same selective process should also be applied to the recovery of  high-value compounds in a chemical or pharmaceutical production plant,  where they might otherwise be wasted, Su says. &ldquo;The system could be used  for environmental remediation, for toxic organic chemical removal, or  in a chemical plant to recover value-added products, as they would all  rely on the same principle to pull out the minority ion from a complex  multi-ion system.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>The system is inherently highly selective, but in practice it would  likely be designed with multiple stages to deal with a variety of  compounds in sequence, depending on the exact application, Su says.  &ldquo;Such systems might ultimately be useful,&rdquo; he sugggests, &ldquo;for water  purification systems for remote areas in the developing world, where  pollution from pesticides, dyes, and other chemicals are often an issue  in the water supply. The highly efficient, electrically operated system  could run on power from solar panels in rural areas for example.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Unlike membrane-based systems that require high pressures, and other  electrochemical systems that operate at high voltages, the new system  works at relatively benign low voltages and pressures, Hatton says. And,  he points out, in contrast to conventional ion exchange systems where  release of the captured compounds and regeneration of the adsorbents  would require the addition of chemicals, &ldquo;in our case you can just flip a  switch&rdquo; to achieve the same result by switching the polarity of the  electrodes.<\/p>\n<p>The research team has already racked up a series of honors for the  ongoing development of water treatment technology, including grants from  the J-WAFS Solutions and Massachusetts Clean Energy Catalyst  competitions, and the researchers were the top winners last year&rsquo;s MIT  Water Innovation Prize. The researchers have applied for a patent on the  new process. &ldquo;We definitely want to implement this in the real world,&rdquo;  Hatton says. In the meantime, they are working on scaling up their  prototype devices in the lab and improving the chemical robustness.<\/p>\n<p>This technique &ldquo;is highly significant, as it extends the capabilities  of electrochemical systems from basically nonselective toward highly  selective removal of key pollutants,&rdquo; says Matthew Suss, an assistant  professor of mechanical engineering at Technion Institute of Technology  in Israel, who was not involved in this work. &ldquo;As with many emerging  water purification techniques, it must still must be tested under  real-world conditions and for long periods to check durability. However,  the prototype system achieved over 500 cycles, which is a highly  promising result.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>These researchers &ldquo;have systematically explored a variety of device  configurations and a variety of contaminants,&rdquo; says Kyle Smith, a  professor of mechanical science and engineering at the University of  Illinois, who also was not involved in this work. &ldquo;In the process they  have identified general design principles by which to achieve selective  removal of contaminants. In this regard, I find Hatton and co-workers&rsquo;  study to be very thorough and thoughtful. It provides a framework or  paradigm for other researchers to emulate.&rdquo; But, he adds, &ldquo;A significant  challenge that remains is the scale-up of these technologies.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>The team also included Kai-Jher Tan, Johannes Elbert, and Robert R.  Taylor Professor of Chemistry Timothy Jamison at MIT; and Christian  Ruttiger and Markus Gallei at the Technical University of Darmstadt. The  work was supported by a seed grant from the Abdul Latif Jameel World  Water and Food Security Lab (J-WAFS) at MIT.<\/p>\n<h5 class=\"green\">Source<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2017\/electrochemical-clear-pollutants-water-0510\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2017<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"shariff shariff-align-flex-start shariff-widget-align-flex-start\"><div class=\"ShariffHeadline\">Diese Meldung teilen<\/div><ul class=\"shariff-buttons theme-round orientation-horizontal buttonsize-medium\"><li class=\"shariff-button facebook shariff-nocustomcolor\" style=\"background-color:#4273c8;border-radius:1%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonnenseite.com%2Fen%2Fscience%2Fmit-researchers-develop-new-way-to-clear-pollutants-from-water%2F\" title=\"Bei Facebook teilen\" aria-label=\"Bei Facebook teilen\" role=\"button\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"shariff-link\" style=\";border-radius:1%; 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