William Scheideler<\/a>, a former Stanford postdoctoral scholar now at Dartmouth College.<\/p>\n\n\n\nAttempts to make bigger cells have produced defects and pinholes that significantly decrease cell efficiency. And unlike rigid silicon cells, which last 20 to 30 years, thin-film perovskite eventually degrades when exposed to heat and moisture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cYou can make a small demonstration device in the lab,\u201d Dauskardt said. \u201cBut conventional perovskite processing isn\u2019t scalable for fast, efficient manufacturing.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Record-setting processor<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
To address the challenge of large-scale production, the Dauskardt team deployed a patented technology they recently invented called rapid-spray plasma processing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
This technology uses a robotic device with two nozzles to quickly produce thin films of perovskite. One nozzle spray-coats a liquid solution of perovskite chemical precursors onto a pane of glass, while the other releases a burst of highly reactive ionized gas known as plasma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cConventional processing requires you to bake the perovskite solution for about half an hour,\u201d Rolston said. \u201cOur innovation is to use a plasma high-energy source to rapidly convert liquid perovskite into a thin-film solar cell in a single step.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Using rapid-spray processing, the Stanford team was able to produce 40 feet (12 meters) of perovskite film per minute \u2013 about four times faster than it takes to manufacture a silicon cell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cWe achieved the highest throughput of any solar technology,\u201d Rolston said. \u201cYou can imagine large panels of glass placed on rollers and continuously producing layers of perovskite at speeds never accomplished before.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In addition to a record production rate, the newly minted perovskite cells achieved a power conversion efficiency of 18 percent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cWe want to make this process as applicable and broadly useful as possible,\u201d Rolston said. \u201cA plasma treatment system might sound fancy, but it\u2019s something you can buy commercially for a very reasonable cost.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Stanford team estimated that their perovskite modules can be manufactured for about 25 cents per square foot \u2013 far less than the $2.50 or so per square foot needed to produce a typical silicon module.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Solar modules<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Silicon solar cells are typically connected together in encapsulated modules to boost their power output and withstand harsh weather conditions. Perovskite manufacturers will eventually have to build stable, efficient modules to be commercially viable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Toward this end, the Stanford team successfully created perovskite modules that continued to operate at 15.5 percent efficiency even after being left on the shelf for five months.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Conventional silicon modules produce electricity at a cost of about 5 cents per kilowatt-hour. To compete with silicon, perovskite modules would have to be encapsulated in a weatherproof layer that keeps out moisture for at least a decade. The research team is now exploring new encapsulation technologies and other ways to significantly improve durability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cIf we can build a perovskite module that lasts 30 years, we could bring down the cost of electricity below 2 cents per kilowatt-hour,\u201d Rolston said. \u201cAt that price, we could use perovskites for utility-scale energy production. For example, a 100-megawatt solar farm.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n