{"id":79990,"date":"2022-03-02T15:21:42","date_gmt":"2022-03-02T14:21:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sonnenseite.com\/?p=79990"},"modified":"2022-03-02T15:21:43","modified_gmt":"2022-03-02T14:21:43","slug":"a-new-inexpensive-catalyst-speeds-the-production-of-oxygen-from-water","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sonnenseite.com\/en\/science\/a-new-inexpensive-catalyst-speeds-the-production-of-oxygen-from-water\/","title":{"rendered":"A new, inexpensive catalyst speeds the production of oxygen from water"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
The material could replace rare metals and lead to more economical production of carbon-neutral fuels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
An electrochemical reaction that splits apart water molecules to produce oxygen is at the heart of multiple approaches aiming to produce alternative fuels for transportation. But this reaction has to be facilitated by a catalyst material, and today\u2019s versions require the use of rare and expensive elements such as iridium, limiting the potential of such fuel production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Now, researchers at MIT and elsewhere have developed an entirely new type of catalyst material, called a metal hydroxide-organic framework (MHOF), which is made of inexpensive and abundant components. The family of materials allows engineers to precisely tune the catalyst\u2019s structure and composition to the needs of a particular chemical process, and it can then match or exceed the performance of conventional, more expensive catalysts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The findings are described today in the journal Nature Materials<\/em>, in a paper by MIT postdoc Shuai Yuan, graduate student Jiayu Peng, Professor Yang Shao-Horn, Professor Yuriy Rom\u00e1n-Leshkov, and nine others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Oxygen evolution reactions are one of the reactions common to the electrochemical production of fuels, chemicals, and materials. These processes include the generation of hydrogen as a byproduct of the oxygen evolution, which can be used directly as a fuel or undergo chemical reactions to produce other transportation fuels; the manufacture of ammonia, for use as a fertilizer or chemical feedstock; and carbon dioxide reduction in order to control emissions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
But without help, \u201cthese reactions are sluggish,\u201d Shao-Horn says. \u201cFor a reaction with slow kinetics, you have to sacrifice voltage or energy to promote the reaction rate.\u201d Because of the extra energy input required, \u201cthe overall efficiency is low. So that\u2019s why people use catalysts,\u201d she says, as these materials naturally promote reactions by lowering energy input.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
But until now, these catalysts \u201care all relying on expensive materials or late transition metals that are very scarce, for example iridium oxide, and there has been a big effort in the community to find alternatives based on Earth-abundant materials that have the same performance in terms of activity and stability,\u201d Rom\u00e1n-Leshkov says. The team says they have found materials that provide exactly that combination of characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Other teams have explored the use of metal hydroxides, such as nickel-iron hydroxides, Rom\u00e1n-Leshkov says. But such materials have been difficult to tailor to the requirements of specific applications. Now, though, \u201cthe reason our work is quite exciting and quite relevant is that we\u2019ve found a way of tailoring the properties by nanostructuring these metal hydroxides in a unique way.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The team borrowed from research that has been done on a related class of compounds known as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are a kind of crystalline structure made of metal oxide nodes linked together with organic linker molecules. By replacing the metal oxide in such materials with certain metal hydroxides, the team found, it became possible to create precisely tunable materials that also had the necessary stability to be potentially useful as catalysts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cYou put these chains of these organic linkers next to each other, and they actually direct the formation of metal hydroxide sheets that are interconnected with these organic linkers, which are then stacked, and have a higher stability,\u201d Rom\u00e1n-Leshkov says. This has multiple benefits, he says, by allowing a precise control over the nanostructured patterning, allowing precise control of the electronic properties of the metal, and also providing greater stability, enabling them to stand up to long periods of use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In testing such materials, the researchers found the catalysts\u2019 performance to be \u201csurprising,\u201d Shao-Horn says. \u201cIt is comparable to that of the state-of-the-art oxide materials catalyzing for the oxygen evolution reaction.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Being composed largely of nickel and iron, these materials should be at least 100 times cheaper than existing catalysts, they say, although the team has not yet done a full economic analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
This family of materials \u201creally offers a new space to tune the active sites for catalyzing water splitting to produce hydrogen with reduced energy input,\u201d Shao-Horn says, to meet the exact needs of any given chemical process where such catalysts are needed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The materials can provide \u201cfive times greater tunability\u201d than existing nickel-based catalysts, Peng says, simply by substituting different metals in place of nickel in the compound. \u201cThis would potentially offer many relevant avenues for future discoveries.\u201d The materials can also be produced in extremely thin sheets, which could then be coated onto another material, further reducing the material costs of such systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
So far, the materials have been tested in small-scale laboratory test devices, and the team is now addressing the issues of trying to scale up the process to commercially relevant scales, which could still take a few years. But the idea has great potential, Shao-Horn says, to help catalyze the production of clean, emissions-free hydrogen fuel, so that \u201cwe can bring down the cost of hydrogen from this process while not being constrained by the availability of precious metals. This is important, because we need hydrogen production technologies that can scale.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The research team included others at MIT, Stockholm University in Sweden, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, and Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research in Dresden, Germany. The work was supported by the Toyota Research Institute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n