{"id":8998,"date":"2019-06-13T00:58:00","date_gmt":"2019-06-12T22:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sonnenseite.com\/science\/almost-600-plants-have-already-gone-extinct-why-should-we-care15315.html"},"modified":"2019-06-13T00:58:00","modified_gmt":"2019-06-12T22:58:00","slug":"almost-600-plants-have-already-gone-extinct-why-should-we-care15315","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.sonnenseite.com\/en\/science\/almost-600-plants-have-already-gone-extinct-why-should-we-care15315\/","title":{"rendered":"Almost 600 plants have already gone extinct &#8211; Why should we care?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>New study from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Stockholm University looks at the plants that have been wiped from the planet in the last 250 years. Study found that 571 plants have completely disappeared from the wild, more than twice the number of birds, mammals and amphibians combined (Figures in Table 1 of Pimm &amp; al. (2014, Science)).<\/p>\n<p> <!--more--> <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Experts found that plant extinction is occurring much faster (up to 500 times) than &lsquo;natural&rsquo; rates of extinction<\/li>\n<li>Scientists argue that understanding plant extinction is  crucial &ndash; all life on earth depends on plants, so effective conservation  measures must be put in place to avoid destroying other organisms and  ecosystems on which we humans rely<\/li>\n<li>Authors of the study hope these data will be used to focus  conservation efforts in areas such as Africa and South America, where  less is known about plant extinction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>For the first time ever, scientists at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew  and Stockholm University, have compiled a global analysis of all plant  extinction records documented from across the world. This unique dataset  published today in leading journal <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41559-019-0906-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nature, Ecology &amp; Evolution<\/a>,  brings together data from fieldwork, literature and herbarium  specimens, to show how many plant species have gone extinct in the last  250 years, what they are, where they have disappeared from, and what  lessons we can learn to stop future extinction.<\/p>\n<p> The study found that 571 plant species have disappeared in the last two  and a half centuries. This figure was calculated after one of the  authors of the study, Kew scientist Rafa&euml;l Govaerts, reviewed all  publications on plant extinctions over more than three decades and found  the number to be four times more than the current listing of extinct  plants. This new number is also more than twice the number of birds,  mammals and amphibians recorded as extinct (a combined total of 217  species).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dr Aelys M Humphreys, Author and Assistant  Professor at the Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences  at Stockholm University says:&nbsp;<\/strong><em>&ldquo;Most people can name a  mammal or bird that has become extinct in recent centuries, but few can  name an extinct plant. This study is the first time we have an overview  of what plants have already become extinct, where they have disappeared  from and how quickly this is happening. We hear a lot about the number  of species facing extinction, but these figures are for plants that  we&rsquo;ve already lost, so provide an unprecedented window into plant  extinction in modern times.&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<p> Reviewing these data, the scientists found that plant extinction is  occurring much faster than &lsquo;natural&rsquo; background rates of extinction (the  normal rate of loss in earth&rsquo;s history before human intervention), as  much as 500 times faster. Animals are also disappearing much faster than  background rates, at least 1000 times faster. The authors of the study  believe these numbers underestimate the true levels of ongoing plant  extinction.<\/p>\n<p> The scientists found the highest rates of plant extinction to be on  islands, in the tropics and in areas with a Mediterranean climate &ndash;  typical biodiverse regions which are home to many unique species  vulnerable to human activities. Authors Humphreys, Govaerts, Ficinski,  Nic Lughadha and Vorontsova also found that plant species that are woody  (such as trees and shrubs) and with a small geographical range (such as  those confined to small islands) are more likely to be reported as  extinct. &nbsp;These results suggest that the increase in plant extinction  rate could be due to the same factors that are documented as threats to  many surviving plants: fragmentation and destruction of native  vegetation resulting in the reduction or loss of habitat of many  range-restricted species.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Why we should care that almost 600 species are extinct: Lessons we can learn from plant extinction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The information gathered from this analysis will be fundamental to  help predict and prevent future extinction. Locality is more important  for predicting future extinctions than identity &#8211; whether a plant occurs  on an island or not is more helpful to predict extinction than whether  the plant is a rose, orchid or palm. As change of land-use tends to wipe  out most, if not all, the original plant inhabitants, irrespective of  their characteristics, locality remains key to assessing future lives of  plants and how we can protect them. This confirms the notion that  &lsquo;biodiversity hotspots&rsquo; &ndash; areas with exceptional numbers of endemic  plants which are undergoing extensive habitat change &ndash; are key to  understanding global patterns of recent and future extinctions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dr Eimear Nic Lughadha, Co-author and Conservation Scientist at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew says: <\/strong><em>&#8220;Plants  underpin all life on earth, they provide the oxygen we breathe and the  food we eat, as well as making up the backbone of the world&rsquo;s ecosystems  &ndash; so plant extinction is bad news for all species. This new  understanding of plant extinction will help us predict (and try to  prevent) future extinctions of plants, as well as other organisms.  Millions of other species depend on plants for their survival, humans  included, so knowing which plants we are losing and from where, will  feed back into conservation programmes targeting other organisms as  well.&rdquo;<\/em><\/p>\n<p> Researchers at Kew and Stockholm University hope these data will be used  to focus conservation efforts on islands and in the tropics, where  plant loss is common, and in areas where less is known about plant  extinction such as Africa and South America.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dr Maria S Vorontsova, Co-author and Plant Taxonomist at Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew says:<\/strong> <em>&ldquo;To  stop plant extinction, we need to record all the plants across the  world &ndash; the naming of new species is a critical piece of the puzzle in  the wider push to prioritise conservation of our precious natural world  for generations to come. To do this we need to support herbaria and the  production of plant identification guides, we need to teach our children  to see and recognise their local plants and most importantly we need  botanists for years to come.&rdquo;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>The plants lost to extinction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Many have heard of the famous examples of animal species that have  become extinct in the last 250 years &#8211; the dodo, found on Mauritius  until the 17th century, and the Yangtze River Dolphin, declared extinct  as recently as 2006. Plants have also become extinct in the last two and  a half centuries as this new study states but, because data are scarce  and not comprehensively analysed before, few people are aware of the  extent of the problem. Here are some examples of the plants that have  disappeared from the wild:<\/p>\n<h4>The exploited sandalwood&hellip;<\/h4>\n<p>The Chile sandalwood, <em>Santalum fernandezianum<\/em>, was a tree  that grew on the Juan Fern&aacute;ndez Islands which lie between Chile and  Easter island. From around 1624, the tree began to be heavily exploited  for the aromatic sandalwood, and by the end of the 19<sup>th<\/sup> century most of the trees had been cut down.<\/p>\n<p> The last tree was photographed on August 28, 1908 on Robinson Crusoe  island by Carl Skottsberg. The tree has not been seen since on that  island. Over the years there have been reports that the species was also  to be found on Alejandro Selkirk island, though this has never been  confirmed, and repeated searches have not found the species on that  island either.<\/p>\n<h4>Extraordinary and extinct&hellip;<\/h4>\n<p>The banded trinity, <em>Thismia americana,<\/em> is possibly one of  the most extraordinary plants ever to be discovered. It has no leaves  and only the flowers are visible above ground. It was discovered in 1912  along Torrence Avenue in South Chicago. The site was, however,  destroyed just five years later and this extraordinary plant was never  seen again. Regular searches in remaining pockets of similar habitat in  Chicago have been undertaken without success.<\/p>\n<p> The plant belongs to a group (the genus <em>Thismia<\/em>) of 65 species  which are nearly all from rainforests. A few species, including its  closest relatives, extend into New Zealand. How a plant from New Zealand  ended up in South Chicago will forever remain a mystery.<\/p>\n<h4>Gone but not forgotten&hellip;<\/h4>\n<p>The St Helena olive, <em>Nesiota elliptica<\/em>, was a tree first  discovered in 1805 on the island of St Helena in the South Atlantic  Ocean. Despite most of the original vegetation of the island having been  destroyed, one lone elderly tree survived until 1994, from which Kew  and local conservationists were able to collect cuttings from before it  died.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p> Many attempts were made to propagate the tree and two trees propagated  from this original tree survived on the island until they succumbed to a  devastating termite attack and fungal infections in 2003. No living  material could be salvaged, but a sample of its genetic material (DNA)  was collected for storage in Kew&rsquo;s DNA bank. Fortunately, this precious  resource is still available for research.<\/p>\n<p><em>Nesiota elliptica<\/em> is the only species in the genus <em>Nesiota<\/em>, so that genus also disappeared with the extinction of the species in 2003.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Plants: lost and found<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A positive from the paper&rsquo;s analysis, was the evidence that 430  species once considered extinct have gone on to be rediscovered.  Rediscovery of a species thought to be extinct often means finding a few  surviving individuals only, and 90% of rediscovered plants still have a  high extinction risk. Documenting rediscovery is important as it  improves the accuracy of extinction records and allows for potential  remedial conservation work too. Unfortunately, however, it does not  usually mean that a species is &rsquo;alive and well&lsquo;, as the example of the  Chilean crocus shows.<\/p>\n<h4>Popular Chilean bulb rediscovered in 2001 after years of searching&hellip;<\/h4>\n<p>The Chilean crocus, <em>Tecophilaea cyanocrocus<\/em>, is native in  the hills above Santiago, the capital of Chile. It was a popular bulb  with many colour variants grown by Victorian gardeners. To satisfy  demand, large numbers of bulbs were dug up and imported from Chile as  the species was difficult to grow and slow to propagate.<\/p>\n<p> The species seemed to have vanished by the 1950s due to the  over-collecting and grazing by livestock. After repeated searches, one  small population was rediscovered in 2001 on private land south of  Santiago. This species continues to be cultivated in Britain and its  surviving native population is now being protected from livestock. It is  categorised as &lsquo;critically endangered&rsquo; on the International Union for  Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41559-019-0906-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution (2019) | &#8220;Global dataset shows geography and life form predict modern plant extinction and rediscovery&#8221;<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5 class=\"green\">Source<\/h5>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kew.org\/about-us\/press-media\/plant-extinction-report-rbg-kew-stockholm-university\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew | Aelys Humphreys 2019<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"shariff shariff-align-flex-start shariff-widget-align-flex-start\"><div class=\"ShariffHeadline\">Diese Meldung teilen<\/div><ul class=\"shariff-buttons theme-round orientation-horizontal buttonsize-medium\"><li class=\"shariff-button facebook shariff-nocustomcolor\" style=\"background-color:#4273c8;border-radius:1%\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonnenseite.com%2Fen%2Fscience%2Falmost-600-plants-have-already-gone-extinct-why-should-we-care15315%2F\" title=\"Bei Facebook teilen\" aria-label=\"Bei Facebook teilen\" role=\"button\" rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"shariff-link\" style=\";border-radius:1%; 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